Ao longo dos textos das suas cartas e sermões, Vieira mostra um conhecimento completo das principais questões de natureza cosmológica que eram objecto de controvérsia no seu tempo: cometas, estrelas novas, movimento da terra, etc. O autor segue em geral posições tradicionais. mas não se detém em discussões de mera filosofia natural. A leitura que faz dos fenómenos naturais é, podemos dizer, de natureza metafilosófica, no contexto de uma visão global, unificada e coerente de todos os acontecimentos, porque os vê (...) todos unidos pela subtil intenção de Deus. Esta cosmovisão de Vieira permite compreender por que razào Ihe pareciam naturais e legítimas determinadas comparações entre fenómenos da história bíblica, da natureza, e da história do seu tempo, que a um leitor mais desatento poderiam parecer incompreensíveis. /// Both in his letters and in his sermons. Vieira displays a complete knowledge of the main cosmological issues that were controversial in his time: comets, new stars, motion of the earth, etc. He usually adopts traditional positions, but he does not engage in discussions of mere natural philosophy. His understanding of natural phenomena is a philo-theological one, within the context of his global, unified and coherent worldview of all phenomena, as he sees them all united by God's subtle intention. This worldview allows us to understand the reason why he considered naturally and perfectly founded some comparisons between biblical, and contemporary natural and political phenomena, which to a less attemptive reader may well appear incomprehensible. (shrink)

This volume explores the relation between ethics and spirituality in Islam through an examination of the genres of Sufi adab, including manuals and hagiographical accounts, from the formative period of Sufism until modernity.

Provides computer science students and researchers with a firm background in lambda-calculus and combinators.

This article presents the analysis of the main Spanish political candidates for the elections to be held on April 2019. The analysis focuses on the Facial Expression Analysis (FEA), a technique widely used in neuromarketing research. It allows to identify the micro-expressions that are very brief, involuntary. They are signals of hidden emotions that cannot be controlled voluntarily. The video with the final interventions of every candidate has been post-processed using the classification algorithms given by the iMotions's AFFDEX platform. We (...) have then analyzed these data. Firstly, we have identified and compare the basic emotions showed by each politician. Second, we have associated the basic emotions with specific moments of the candidate's speech, identifying the topics they address and relating them directly to the expressed emotion. Third, we have analyzed whether the differences shown by each candidate in every emotion are statistically significant. In this sense, we have applied the non-parametric chi-squared goodness-of-fit test. We have also considered the ANOVA analysis in order to test whether, on average, there are differences between the candidates. Finally, we have checked if there is consistency between the results provided by different surveys from the main media in Spain regarding the evaluation of the debate and those obtained in our empirical analysis. A predominance of negative emotions has been observed. Some inconsistencies were found between the emotion expressed in the facial expression and the verbal content of the message. Also, evidences got from statistical analysis confirm that the differences observed between the various candidates with respect to the basic emotions, on average, are statistically significant. In this sense, this article provides a methodological contribution to the analysis of the public figures' communication, which could help politicians to improve the effectiveness of their messages identifying and evaluating the intensity of the expressed emotions. (shrink)

En décrivant le phénomène de la perception, la phénoménologie entreprend de remonter du monde où nous nous trouvons vers la source de l'apparaître, vers la conscience intentionnelle qui anime une matière sensible pure. Mais comment alors est-il possible de rendre compte de la donation de cette matière première? Une première voie consiste à se satisfaire d'une conception transcendantale de la chair qui permet un sentir pur. Une deuxième voie propose de remonter en-deçà, en direction d'un événement grâce auquel il y (...) aurait du sensible. La chair a alors pour fonction d'assurer le passage entre cette première donne du sensible et le monde tel que nous le constituons. Cette deuxième voie semble aujourd'hui privilégiée. Mais elle pose la question de savoir comment articuler les deux sens de la chair, événementiel et expressif, afin d'en éviter la déchirure. L'exploration du corps érotique permet-elle de réconcilier la chair avec elle-même pour ainsi nous livrer le secret de notre condition sensible? Telle est l'interrogation qui guide cet ouvrage, qui s'appuie sur les ressources offertes par la phénoménologie jusque dans ses développements les plus contemporains pour en éclairer les enjeux."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Introduzione Il problema filosofico centrale di Lexical Competence (Marconi 1997 — i riferimenti che faremo sono relativi all’edizione italiana apparsa due anni dopo) è che cosa distingue la comprensione del linguaggio da parte di un agente umano da quella che potrebbe essere attribuita a un sistema artificiale. Nel rispondere a questa domanda Marconi (d’ora in poi, M.) offre una teoria della conoscenza del significato, descrive cioè in che cosa consiste conoscere il significato delle parole...

The failure of many patients with chronic conditions to correctly follow medical advice that they hope or intend to follow is a major concern, especially as effective long‐term therapies for chronic conditions materialize. Some US healthcare providers have responded with strategies that involve implementing contracts with their patients, including provisions that may deny future treatments after continued nonadherence. This is among the first articles to explicitly discuss the ethics of patient contracts.

Neste livro, o autor percorre seis séculos de história da civilização ocidental em busca dos momentos decisivos da luta intelectual entre dominados e dominadores. Atento às formulações da tradição hegeliano-marxista e sem descartar os clássicos da Sociologia, Alfredo Bosi investiga a dinâmica de antagônicos, discursos que moldaram a feição da sociedade, bem como suas singularidades culturais. Na primeira parte, Alfredo Bosi discorre sobre alguns autores das áreas de filosofia, política e literatura universais, destacando as estratégias contraideológicas que utilizaram (...) para combater o pensamento hegemônico. Em seguida, volta-se para o Brasil analisando as interseções com a cultura ocidental e detendo-se em figuras, como Joaquim Nabuco e Celso Furtado. O capítulo final tenta desatar o nó ideológico que reconhece na obra de Machado de Assis. (shrink)

Metaphysical naturalism is the thesis according to which mental states can be reduced to, and thereby explained by, neurophysiological states. In this paper I discuss whether this thesis is plausible taking into consideration different kinds of mental states: propositional attitudes, on the one hand, and phenomenal states, on the other. I shall argue that, while metaphysical naturalism is false for standard propositional attitudes , it can be defended in the case of low-level phenomenal states, or raw feelings. As a consequence, (...) since the instantiation of high-order mental states requires the neurophysiological mechanisms that constitute raw feelings, the notion of self has a biological basis, and in this sense, we can speak of a “natural self”. The structure of the paper is the following. In the first paragraph I shall focus on the naturalization of paradigmatic intentional states . In the second paragraph I move to the discussion of raw feelings and show the consequences of my view for the notion of self. (shrink)

As I define it, metaphysical naturalism (in the philosophy of mind) is the thesis according to which mental facts supervene in strong sense on neurophysiological states, i.e., the former can be deduced from the latter. In this paper I discuss this thesis by taking into consideration two different kinds of mental states: I shall argue that, while metaphysical naturalism is false for standard propositional attitudes (beliefs and desires), it can be defended in the case of low-level phenomenal states, or raw (...) feelings. As a consequence, since the instantiation of high-order mental states requires those neurophysiological mechanisms that constitute raw feelings, the notion of self has a biological basis, and to this extent we can regard subjectivity as a natural phenomenon. (shrink)

Friedrich Nietzsche e a crítica da subjetividade cartesiana O nome de Descartes aparece várias vezes nas obras publicadas e nos fragmentos póstumos de Nietzsche. As considerações do filósofo alemão são quase sempre críticas e recuperam, embora com um diferente juízo de valor, a interpretação do pensamento cartesiano fornecida pela tradição idealista. Nesta perspetiva, Descartes é considerado o pai do racionalismo ocidental, o pensador que teria colocado o cogito no centro da representação. A este respeito, analisar criticamente a leitura nietzschiana não (...) significa só questionar a validade da sua interpretação, mas pôr em causa os mesmos cânones da modernidade filosófica. Palavras-chave: Nietzsche; Descartes; Cogito; Idealismo alemão; Heidegger; Modernidade. Friedrich Nietzsche et la critique de la subjectivité cartésienne Résumé: Le nome de Descartes apparait plusieurs fois dans les œuvres publiées et dans les fragments posthumes de Nietzsche. Les considérations du philosophe allemand sont presque toujours critiques et reprennent, même si avec un diffèrent jugement de valeur, l’interprétation de la pensée cartésienne fournie par la tradition idéaliste. Dans cette perspective, Descartes est considéré comme le père du rationalisme occidental, à savoir, le penseur qui aurait placé le cogito au centre de la représentation. À cet égard, analyser de façon critique l’approche de Nietzsche n’implique pas seulement mettre en question la validité de son interprétation, mais aussi remettre en cause les canons de la modernité philosophique. Mots-clés: Nietzsche; Descartes; Cogito; Modernité. Friedrich Nietzsche e the criticism of Cartesian subjectivity Abstract: Descartes’ name appears several times in Nietzsche’s published works and in his posthumous fragments. The considerations of the German philosopher are almost always critical and resume, although with a different value of judgement, the interpretation of Cartesian thought provided by Idealistic tradition. In this perspective, Descartes is considered as the father of Western Rationalism, namely, the author that would place the cogito at the center of representation. In this regard, to critically analyzing Nietzschean approach toward Descartes it does not only imply to questioning the validity of his interpretation, but also to questioning the very same canons of philosophical modernity. Keywords: Nietzsche; Descartes; Cogito; Modernity. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza en primera instancia la lectura y consideración hermenéutica que Ernesto Volkening realiza de la obra de Nicolás Gómez Dávila. Tras una presentación de las pautas interpretativas que se dan en el Diario de lectura de Volkening, se considera luego el interés de losautores por la arquitectura y el urbanismo modernos, como claves para la crítica del modo de vida reificante del hombre actual. Posteriormente, se ilustran las pautas que abordan la historia y la historicidad, bajo la idea (...) de una comprensión hermenéutica gestada en los contextos, opuesta a cualquier determinismo y puesta en marcha bajo la impronta de la singularidad e individualidad. (shrink)

El filósofo francés Gilbert Simondon es conocido por su crítica a la forma como las perspectivas sustancialista e hilemórfica conciben la individuación. Para Simondon, la individuación no se piensa desde una plenitud alcanzada, sino desde un proceso en el que el individuo se está constituyendo individual y colectivamente. De este modo, muestra el desplazamiento de una teoría de la relación a una teoría de los procesos de individuación en la cual la ontología cede el paso a la ontogénesis. El presente (...) artículo quiere mostrar cómo el pensamiento de Simondon sobre la educación guarda una estrecha relación con la forma en que la individuación se presenta como proceso y no como resultado. Si la educación es relación, esta se da dentro de un proceso de individuación y no es el evento de un encuentro entre individuos ya constituidos. En el fondo, la escuela, como la individuación, es un campo de tensiones y potencialidades. Simondon es optimista en que una educación que mejore las condiciones de comunicación en el interior de los procesos educativos tendrá unos efectos restauradores en el entramado social, y podrá ser, por tanto, el eje articulador de una sociedad más solidaria y liberadora. (shrink)

Las relaciones de España con Iberoamérica, a pesar de la retórica compartida que alude a un pasado común, han retrocedido en las últimas décadas. Esta afirmación resulta compatible con aquella otra que pone en valor la actuación española a la hora de apoyar a aquellas naciones iberoamericanas que iniciaron transiciones a la democracia y procesos de reconstrucción post-bélica en la recta final de la Guerra Fría. El panorama observado a partir de 1990 ha certificado la persistencia de una serie de (...) obstáculos en Iberoamérica que han lastrado su crecimiento económico y han minado su seguridad, sobresaliendo la criminalidad organizada. También se ha detectado la presencia de actores como China, Rusia o Irán cuyo compromiso con la democracia es inexistente, lo que incrementa las incertidumbres acerca de la estabilidad iberoamericana. (shrink)